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- Written by: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory
We don’t always notice it, but much of Earth’s surface is in constant motion. Scientists have used satellites and ground-based instruments to track land movement associated with volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides, and other phenomena.
But a new satellite from NASA and the Indian Space Research Organisation, or ISRO, aims to improve what we know and, potentially, help us prepare for and recover from natural and human-caused disasters.
The NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) mission will measure the motion of nearly all of the planet’s land and ice-covered surfaces twice every 12 days.
The pace of NISAR’s data collection will give researchers a fuller picture of how Earth’s surface changes over time.
“This kind of regular observation allows us to look at how Earth’s surface moves across nearly the entire planet,” said Cathleen Jones, NISAR applications lead at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California.
Together with complementary measurements from other satellites and instruments, NISAR’s data will provide a more complete picture of how Earth’s surface moves horizontally and vertically.
The information will be crucial to better understanding everything from the mechanics of Earth’s crust to which parts of the world are prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. It could even help resolve whether sections of a levee are damaged or if a hillside is starting to move in a landslide.
What lies beneath
Targeting an early 2025 launch from India, the mission will be able to detect surface motions down to fractions of an inch. In addition to monitoring changes to Earth’s surface, the satellite will be able to track the motion of ice sheets, glaciers, and sea ice, and map changes to vegetation.
The source of that remarkable detail is a pair of radar instruments that operate at long wavelengths: an L-band system built by JPL and an S-band system built by ISRO. The NISAR satellite is the first to carry both. Each instrument can collect measurements day and night and see through clouds that can obstruct the view of optical instruments.
The L-band instrument will also be able to penetrate dense vegetation to measure ground motion. This capability will be especially useful in areas surrounding volcanoes or faults that are obscured by vegetation.
“The NISAR satellite won’t tell us when earthquakes will happen. Instead, it will help us better understand which areas of the world are most susceptible to significant earthquakes,” said Mark Simons, the U.S. solid Earth science lead for the mission at Caltech in Pasadena, California.
Data from the satellite will give researchers insight into which parts of a fault slowly move without producing earthquakes and which sections are locked together and might suddenly slip.
In relatively well-monitored areas like California, researchers can use NISAR to focus on specific regions that could produce an earthquake. But in parts of the world that aren’t as well monitored, NISAR measurements could reveal new earthquake-prone areas.
And when earthquakes do occur, data from the satellite will help researchers understand what happened on the faults that ruptured.
“From the ISRO perspective, we are particularly interested in the Himalayan plate boundary,” said Sreejith K M, the ISRO solid Earth science lead for NISAR at the Space Applications Center in Ahmedabad, India. “The area has produced great magnitude earthquakes in the past, and NISAR will give us unprecedented information on the seismic hazards of the Himalaya.”
Surface motion is also important for volcano researchers, who need data collected regularly over time to detect land movements that may be precursors to an eruption. As magma shifts below Earth’s surface, the land can bulge or sink. The NISAR satellite will help provide a fuller picture for why a volcano deforms and whether that movement signals an eruption.
Finding normal
When it comes to infrastructure such as levees, aqueducts, and dams, NISAR’s ability to provide continuous measurements over years will help to establish the usual state of the structures and surrounding land. Then, if something changes, resource managers may be able to pinpoint specific areas to examine.
“Instead of going out and surveying an entire aqueduct every five years, you can target your surveys to problem areas,” said Jones.
The data could be equally valuable for showing that a dam hasn’t changed after a disaster like an earthquake. For instance, if a large earthquake struck San Francisco, liquefaction — where loosely packed or waterlogged sediment loses its stability after severe ground shaking — could pose a problem for dams and levees along the Sacramento-San Joaquin River Delta.
“There’s over a thousand miles of levees,” said Jones. “You’d need an army to go out and look at them all.” The NISAR mission would help authorities survey them from space and identify damaged areas. “Then you can save your time and only go out to inspect areas that have changed. That could save a lot of money on repairs after a disaster.”
The NISAR mission is an equal collaboration between NASA and ISRO and marks the first time the two agencies have cooperated on hardware development for an Earth-observing mission.
Managed for the agency by Caltech, JPL leads the U.S. component of the project and is providing the mission’s L-band SAR. NASA is also providing the radar reflector antenna, the deployable boom, a high-rate communication subsystem for science data, GPS receivers, a solid-state recorder, and payload data subsystem.
The U R Rao Satellite Centre in Bengaluru, India, which leads the ISRO component of the mission, is providing the spacecraft bus, the launch vehicle, and associated launch services and satellite mission operations. The ISRO Space Applications Centre in Ahmedabad is providing the S-band SAR electronics.
To learn more about NISAR, visit https://nisar.jpl.nasa.gov.
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- Written by: Elizabeth Larson
The fire was first reported at around 11:50 p.m. Friday at BJ Walls RV Park on Lakeshore Boulevard in Nice.
The initial dispatch stated that an RV was on fire. It was not certain if a person was in the RV, but animals were reported to be trapped inside.
The first firefighter unit to arrive found two RVs on fire, with a nearby single family home also reported to be catching fire and evacuated, according to radio reports.
Radio traffic indicated that the fire was knocked down shortly after 12:10 a.m. Saturday, with mop up expected to take up to an hour and a half.
Firefighters at the scene requested an air ambulance to respond in order to transport a burn victim to a regional trauma center, according to scanner reports.
More information on the incident was not immediately available.
Email Elizabeth Larson at
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- Written by: LAKE COUNTY NEWS REPORTS
After several rigorous months of training, the California Highway Patrol is introducing six newly graduated K-9 officers into its force.
The ceremony at the CHP’s canine training facility in West Sacramento signifies the beginning of a noteworthy public safety collaboration for K-9 units and their respective handlers.
The CHP congratulates one Explosive Detection Canine team and five Patrol and Narcotics Detection Canine teams for the successful completion of the Commission on Peace Officer Standards and Training requirements.
The newest crime-fighting duos include one German Shepherd and five Belgian Malinois.
The CHP now has 49 K-9 teams deployed throughout the state.
“Our canine teams are critical to the CHP’s mission to protect and serve the public. The specialized training and strong bond between each handler and their canine partner allow us to detect threats better and apprehend suspects safely,” said CHP Commissioner Sean Duryee. “Today’s graduation celebrates the dedication of these teams and their vital role in enhancing our department’s capabilities. We proudly welcome them as part of our commitment to keeping California’s communities safe.”
A K-9 handler plays a crucial role in the training and development of a K-9 dog, as they are responsible for guiding the dog's learning process.
Both the handler and the dog must establish a strong bond built on trust and communication. The handler must learn to interpret the dog's behavior and signals, ensuring effective training techniques are applied.
Additionally, the handler is responsible for reinforcing commands and behaviors through consistent practice and patience.
Ultimately, the success of a K-9 in learning new skills heavily depends on the handler's ability to adapt to their dog's unique needs.
Once deployed, the K-9 teams receive ongoing training to prepare for evolving threats and challenges.
Monthly, the canine team completes at least eight hours of maintenance training, including odor detection, obedience, and master protection/apprehension.
The CHP has 36 patrol and narcotics detection canine teams, eight patrol and explosive canine teams, and five explosive detection canine teams deployed throughout the state.
Within these teams, CHP K-9s often participate in public demonstrations and community events to promote safety and foster positive relationships.
All K-9s are paired with a seasoned CHP officer with at least three years of professional experience. K-9s aid the CHP by performing various functions, including detecting human scent, contraband, and explosives.
The officers represent the CHP’s geographic regions of Protective Services Division, Northern, Valley, Golden Gate, Southern, and Border Division.
Join the CHP and pursue your career as a K-9 handler. You will experience a rewarding career that combines teamwork, service, and the opportunity to work with highly trained K-9 partners. If you are passionate about law enforcement and want to make a difference, we invite you to visit www.CHPMadeForMore.com to apply and become part of our dedicated team.
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- Written by: DENNIS FORDHAM
The need to periodically review and update one’s estate planning can go neglected for years. In the end, it may be too late because the person involved has either become incapacitated or is deceased.
The last thing the decedent’s surviving loved one (beneficiary) needs is an unwelcome surprise — an unforeseen gotcha — in the decedent’s estate planning that was assumed to be good but unfortunately was not reviewed.
For example, there are many joint living trusts created by spouses as so-called “AB” or “ABC” trusts where the joint trust assets are divided into two or more subtrusts at the death of the first spouse (deceased spouse).
At the deceased spouses’ death, these AB and ABC trusts allocate the decedent’s share of the joint trust to one or more irrevocable subtrusts where the surviving spouse has limited lifetime benefits in the decedent’s assets.
These irrevocable subtrusts are more complicated and expensive to administer than if the deceased spouse leaves all to the surviving spouse.
They also impose serious limitations on the surviving spouse’s use of the deceased spouse’s assets.
To be sure, AB and ABC trusts do have their place – such as in blended families and in very wealthy estates — but for years they were overused. Many old and unexamined estate planning documents still have unnecessary AB and ABC trusts.
Another example is a surviving spouse in a second marriage who expects to live in the residence that she co-owned with the deceased spouse.
However, as drafted, their joint trust left the deceased spouse’s half of the residence outright to the deceased spouse’s own child at the deceased spouse’s death. Thus, the surviving spouse and step child co-own the residence.
This situation may or may not work out to the surviving spouse’s satisfaction as it opens the possibility that the step child will force the sale of the residence or otherwise argue about the residence.
Had the couple seen an attorney while both were alive, the attorney might have recommended that the surviving spouse have a life estate in the decedent’s one-half share of the residence.
The life estate typically involves the deceased spouse’s interest being held in further trust which can sell the residence and purchase a replacement residence (if the surviving spouse wants to relocate).
Alternatively transferring title to the child subject to a life estate for the surviving spouse might work. While a life estate is simpler in the short term it might not work out in the term if the surviving spouse needs to relocate.
Another example is a parent who leaves an inheritance outright to a special needs child who receives SSI or food stamps needs based government benefits and so jeopardizes the child’s government benefits.
Had the parent discussed the estate planning with an attorney a special needs trust to preserve the child’s benefits might have been used.
Next, consider a “do it yourself” will that does not meet the requirements to be either a standard will or a handwritten will.
For example, consider a person who types up a “will” and has it notarized (but not witnessed).
This typed and notarized “will” is not an acceptable will because it was not witnessed by two disinterested witnesses — and it also is not a handwritten will. Additional evidence is needed to satisfy the court to accept the will and such wills invite litigation.
In addition, such a will is unlikely to address issues including whether a bond is required of the executor, naming alternative death beneficiaries, and providing adequate powers to the executor. The likely deficiencies alone justify taking it to an attorney and getting it redone correctly.
The foregoing is not legal advice. Anyone confronting the issues addressed should consult with a qualified attorney.
Dennis A. Fordham, attorney, is a State Bar-Certified Specialist in estate planning, probate and trust law. His office is at 870 S. Main St., Lakeport, Calif. He can be reached at