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MENDOCINO NATIONAL FOREST, Calif. – With temperatures heating up, fire danger in the Mendocino National Forest is starting to increase with the approach of summer.
As forest firefighters wrap up preparedness activities, visitors are asked to be careful with campfires, grills and anything that can throw a spark and start a wildfire.
The forecast for the weekend includes hot temperatures, as well as a red flag warning issued by the National Weather Service through 9 p.m. Saturday that affects the eastern side of the Mendocino National Forest.
In addition to rapidly drying out fuels, high winds can also carry wildfires quickly.
“We had a drier than normal winter and our fuels are drying out quickly,” said Forest Fire Management Officer Marc Nelson. “However, this is pretty close to normal for the Mendocino National Forest.”
As the summer recreation season starts, more visitors are traveling to the forest to enjoy camping, fishing, backpacking and other favorite activities. This frequently includes having a campfire, using a portable stove or charcoal grill, or operating recreational equipment.
“We would like to ask visitors to be careful when they are using anything with a flame or that can throw a spark,” Nelson said. “The forest has been very fortunate in not having a large wildfire since 2008. While we can’t prevent fires starting from lightning, visitors can make a difference by helping us prevent human-caused fires.”
Preventing wildfires can be done by making sure campfires are contained within a fire ring in an area that has been cleared of any fuels. Campfires should also be put completely out and be cold to the touch before leaving the site. Stoves should be on a stable surface and not left unattended.
Mechanical equipment, including off-highway vehicles and chainsaws, should be equipped with approved spark arresters.
The forest has not entered into fire restrictions yet, but as fuels continue to dry out and the threat of wildfire increases, the firefighters on the forest are prepared for the season.
A little more than half of the employees on the Mendocino National Forest during the summer are wildland firefighters.
Currently there are 11 engines staffed on the forest, with eight engines working seven days a week and three engines on a five-day schedule. Six of the 11 engines cover the western half of the forest, with five providing coverage for the eastern half of the Mendocino.
There are four water-tenders and four fire prevention technicians. The forest also staffs two fire lookouts, one at Anthony Peak, the other at High Glade.
The Mendocino National Forest has two 20-person handcrews – the Mendocino Hotshots, based out of Stonyford, and the Elk Mountain Hotshots based out of Upper Lake. Each of these crews has already had assignments this year in Arizona and New Mexico.
In addition to these resources, the forest hosts and provides support to nine organized crews, which are available on an as-needed basis. These crews can be activated when fire danger increases, when local resources are unavailable, or when there is a need nationally. Last season the organized crews worked on fires in Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada and Minnesota.
Each crew has 20 people staffing it. The forest hosts four crews out of Willits, five crews out of Davis, and also provides support and issues firefighting gear to the Guam, Samoa and Saipan Islander Organized Crews.
In partnership with the California Conservation Corps (CCCs), the Forest provides wildland firefighter training and support for a crew out of Ukiah.
“The Organized Crew Program is a huge asset for the Mendocino National Forest. Many of our permanent firefighters have come to the Forest Service as a result of their experience with the program,” Nelson said. “It’s a great opportunity for individuals to see if a career in wildland firefighting is something they want to pursue and, if they do want to continue, it provides them quality experience they can reflect when applying for jobs.”
Over the past few weeks, the forest has completed seasonal preparedness activities. This included firefighter training for the CCCs in Ukiah, fire readiness reviews and meetings with fire staff.
For more information, please contact the Mendocino National Forest at 530-934-3316, or visit www.fs.usda.gov/mendocino .
NICE, Calif. – The service of a search warrant by the Sheriff’s Narcotics Task Force Wednesday morning has resulted in five arrests and the seizure of 475 marijuana plants.
Sgt. Steve Brooks said officials arrested Aviel Islas Hernandez, 42, a transient; 22-year-old Fidel Avellaned Hernandez, a transient; 20-year-old Marco Antonio Martinez of Santa Rosa; William “Billy” Walls, 60, of Ukiah; and Telesforo Montejano Cornejo, 47, of Santa Rosa.
On Tuesday narcotics detectives secured a search warrant for several properties located on Harding Drive in Nice, Brooks said.
On Wednesday at approximately 8 a.m. narcotics detectives served the search warrant on the properties. Brooks said they located three male adults – Fidel Hernandez, Avellaned Hernandez and Martinez – inside a complex of marijuana grows, according to Brooks. All three subjects were detained without incident.
During the course of the investigation, narcotics detectives located and eradicated 475 marijuana plants located in several different plots, which were all connected together by a trail system, Brooks said.
Evidence collected at the scene revealed that the marijuana growing at the scene was not in compliance with Proposition 215. Brooks said the investigation also revealed that the suspects were killing birds they claimed were damaging their marijuana plants and dumping human waste in seasonal creek beds.
Detectives arrested Martinez, Fidel Hernandez and Aviel Hernandez for cultivation of marijuana and possession of marijuana for sales, Brooks said.
He said one of the subjects arrested provided information that “Billy” was responsible for the marijuana grow sites but was unable to provide any additional information regarding “Billy.”
While narcotic detectives were on scene, two additional subjects arrived at the location – Walls and Cornejo. Brooks said both subjects were detained without incident.
The investigation revealed that both Walls and Cornejo were part of the illegal marijuana growing operation. Brooks said Walls admitted that some of the plants at the grow site were his. He also admitted to selling marijuana to dispensaries.
Detectives arrested Walls and Cornejo for cultivation of marijuana and possession of marijuana for sales, Brooks said. All five suspects were transported to the Lake County Hill Road Correctional Facility and Booked.
The Sheriff’s Narcotics Task Force can be contacted through its anonymous tip line at 707-263-3663.
Somewhere in the Milky Way, a massive old star is about to die a spectacular death. As its nuclear fuel runs out, the star begins to collapse under its own tremendous weight. Crushing pressure triggers new nuclear reactions, setting the stage for a terrifying blast. And then ... nothing happens.
At least that's what supercomputers have been telling astrophysicists for decades. Many of the best computer models of supernovas fail to produce an explosion. At the end of the simulation, gravity wins the day and the star simply collapses.
"We don't fully understand how supernovas of massive stars work yet," said Fiona Harrison, an astrophysicist at the California Institute of Technology.
To figure out what’s going on, Harrison and colleagues would like to examine the inside of a real supernova while it's exploding. That's not possible, so they're doing the next best thing.
Using a telescope named "NuSTAR" – short for Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array – they'll be scanning the debris from supernovas as soon as possible after the blast.
Launched over the Pacific Ocean on June 13 by a Pegasus XL rocket, NuSTAR is the first space telescope that can focus very high-energy X-rays, producing images roughly 100 times sharper than those possible with previous high-energy X-ray telescopes.
When NuSTAR finishes its check-out and becomes fully operational, scientists will use it to scan supernovas for clues etched into the pattern of elements spread throughout the explosion's debris.
"The distribution of the material in a supernova remnant tells you a lot about the original explosion,” says Harrison.
An element of particular interest is titanium-44. Creating this isotope of titanium through nuclear fusion requires a certain combination of energy, pressure, and raw materials.
Inside the collapsing star, that combination occurs at a depth that's very special. Everything below that depth succumbs to gravity and collapses inward to form a black hole.
Everything above that depth will be blown outward in the explosion. Titanium-44 is created right at the cusp.
So the pattern of how titanium-44 is spread throughout a supernova remnant can reveal a lot about what happened at that crucial threshold during the explosion. And with that information, scientists might be able to figure out what's wrong with their computer simulations.
Some scientists believe the computer models are too symmetrical. Until recently, even with powerful supercomputers, scientists have only been able to simulate a one-dimensional sliver of the star. Scientists just assume that the rest of the star behaves similarly, making the simulated implosion the same in all radial directions.
But what if that assumption is wrong?
"Asymmetries could be the key," Harrison said. In an asymmetrical collapse, outward forces could break through in some places even if the crush of gravity is overpowering in others. Indeed, more recent, two-dimensional simulations suggest that asymmetries could help solve the mystery of the "non-exploding supernova."
If NuSTAR finds that titanium-44 is spread unevenly, it would be evidence that the explosions themselves were also asymmetrical, Harrison explains.
To detect titanium-44, NuSTAR needs to be able to focus very high energy X-rays. Titanium-44 is radioactive, and when it decays it releases photons with an energy of 68 thousand electron volts. Existing X-ray space telescopes, such as NASA's Chandra X-Ray Observatory, can focus X-rays only up to about 15 thousand electron volts.
Normal lenses can't focus X-rays at all. Glass bends X-rays only a minuscule amount – not enough to form an image.
X-ray telescopes use an entirely different kind of "lens" consisting of many concentric shells. They look a bit like the layers of a cylindrical onion.
Incoming X-rays pass between these layers, which guide the X-rays to the focal surface. It's not a lens, strictly speaking, because the X-rays reflect off the surfaces of the shells instead of passing through them, but the end result is the same.
The NuSTAR team has spent years perfecting delicate manufacturing techniques required to make high-precision X-ray optics for NuSTAR that work at energies as high as 79 thousand electron volts.
Their efforts could end up answering the question, "Why won't the supernova explode?"
Patrick Barry and Dr. Tony Phillips work for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
THIS STORY HAS BEEN UPDATED.
LAKEPORT, Calif. – After four hours of deliberating, a jury found a Clearlake Oaks man guilty of first-degree murder and 14 other counts, as well as dozens of special allegations for a Clearlake shooting a year ago that killed a child and wounded five others.
Orlando Lopez, 24, and his attorney, Stephen Carter, received the verdict late Friday afternoon, just days before the one-year anniversary of the shooting, the worst incident of its kind in Clearlake's history.
“There will be an appeal and we feel there are a great many significant appellate issues that higher courts will review,” Carter told Lake County News Friday night.
Lopez and codefendant Paul Braden, 22, also of Clearlake Oaks, have been on trial for several months for the fatal shooting on June 18, 2011, at the Lakeshore Drive home where Desiree Kirby and her boyfriend Ross Sparks lived with their baby daughter and her son, 4-year-old Skyler Rapp.
District Attorney Don Anderson alleged that Braden and Lopez shot into a crowd of friends and family at Sparks' and Kirby's home just before 11 p.m. on that Saturday, killing the little boy, wounding Kirby and Ross Sparks, his brother Andrew Sparks, and friends Ian Griffith and Joseph Armijo.
The jury agreed with Anderson's case, finding that Lopez was guilty of first-degree murder for Skyler Rapp's death; the attempted murder of Kirby, Ross Sparks, Andrew Sparks, Griffith and Armijo; two counts of mayhem for the shootings of Kirby and Andrew Sparks; six counts of assault with a firearm for all of the shooting victims; and a count of discharge of a firearm at an inhabited dwelling. All special allegations were found true.
Kirby, who was wounded and left with permanent injuries, sat in the front row of the gallery, accompanied to the verdict reading by a Victim-Witness Division advocate. Two rows of friends sat behind her.
Despite an admonition from Judge Doris Shockley that there should be no outbursts during the verdict's reading, when the guilty verdict was announced on the first-degree murder count, Kirby and her family and friends shrieked with joy before a bailiff warned them to stop.
Testimony in the case began in late February following a month of jury selection in which two juries – one for Lopez and one for Braden – were seated.
Lopez's jury – composed of four women and eight men – began deliberations Friday morning after closing arguments and jury instructions had been concluded early Thursday evening.
Also on Friday, at the same time as the Lopez jury's deliberations were taking place, their colleagues on Braden's jury were hearing closing arguments by Anderson and Braden's attorney, Doug Rhoades.
Throughout the day on Friday Lopez's jury sent Shockley, a visiting Yolo County judge, several notes with questions about evidence.
At one point Friday morning, Shockley called a brief break during Anderson's closing statements before the Braden jury in order to go into chambers with the attorneys to discuss the Lopez jury's communication.
Other notes followed and at around 2:30 p.m. the jury reported that it had reached a verdict.
Shockley scheduled Lopez's verdict reading to begin at 4:30 p.m. in order to give her time to continue instructing the Braden jury on how to handle its deliberations.
The Braden jury was ordered to return at 10 a.m. Tuesday, June 19, when Shockley will finish instructions and the jurors will begin deliberations.
Jury released, sentencing scheduled
Following the verdict in the Lopez case, Shockley asked Anderson and Carter if they wanted the jurors polled. Both said no.
Shockley then turned to the jury, thanking them for their service and patience. There had been a lot of challenges, she said. “You’ve been so very considerate.”
The judge, who said she works in 15 different counties as a visiting judge, said that the court staff in Lake County “is pretty amazing.”
She then excused the jury just before 5:15 p.m.
Lopez agreed to waive time for sentencing, which Shockley set for 1:30 p.m. Tuesday, Aug. 7. She ordered the full probation report to assist in sentencing be ready by Friday, July 27.
At sentencing Lopez is facing the potential for time equaling several life sentences, said Anderson.
As Kirby’s family and friends began leaving the courtroom, some stopped to hug and thank Anderson.
He told Lake County News after the verdict that he hopes the case will lead young people to realize how acting in anger before thinking can ruin lives forever.
Anderson said he had been concerned about Lopez’s case, as he felt it was not as strong as his case against Braden.
During trial Anderson had produced several witnesses who testified to seeing Braden with a gun before the shooting.
However, only one person – former codefendant Kevin Stone – testified to seeing a firearm, in this case a shotgun, in Lopez’s hands at the scene, where he admitted to driving Stone and Braden that night. He claimed Lopez had told him they were going to commit a robbery.
Stone reached an agreement with Anderson last fall to plead no contest to being an accessory to the murder after the fact, conspiracy to commit robbery and being a prohibited person with a firearm. Those charges will mean he’s looking at a total sentence of 10 years and four months in prison.
This was the first case Anderson – who is 18 months into his first term as district attorney – has prosecuted.
He’s taken heavy criticism from various quarters of the community for handling such a complicated case his first time out. Rhoades called attention to Anderson’s lack of experience as a criminal prosecutor in one of the case’s mistrial motions.
The case – which had Anderson squaring off against Rhoades and Carter – wasn’t without mistakes.
A question that Anderson should not have asked of a Clearlake Police officer in the presence of both juries led to one of several mistrial motions, which ultimately were denied.
He also misspoke about evidence during Lopez’s closing arguments – wrongly attributing comments by Lopez to Braden – which led to admonishments by Shockley to be more careful in his comments to the jury.
Asked why he took on the complex and emotionally charged case, Anderson told Lake County News, “It was the type of case that I had an extreme amount of interest in and wanted to follow through.”
He also has been with the case from the beginning. He said he was called to the scene the night of the shooting, and while there he met some of the people involved and decided he wanted to continue to be involved with the case.
Anderson said he also considered the potential backlash if he lost, but it ultimately wasn’t a major concern for him.
“I’m in this job to do things right and not worry about reelection,” he said.
Email Elizabeth Larson at
CLEARLAKE, Calif. – The body of a 17-year-old male who was reported missing on Thursday has been found.
The Clearlake Police Department said the teen's body was found on Friday and identified.
The agency has not formally released the teen's identity, but he's been identified on social media by friends as Matthew Scott.
Det. Ryan Peterson said Clearlake Police officers on Thursday responded to the 12000 block of Lakeshore Drive on a report that the teen was missing.
When officers arrived witnesses told them that he was swimming in the area with friends and that they had last seen him standing in the water near the shoreline of Clear Lake, Peterson said.
At some point, it was discovered that he was no longer in the area and friends and family began to search for him, according to Peterson. After a short search of the area, the juvenile’s mother contacted law enforcement.
Officers responded and began searching for the teenager. Peterson said officers received information that he suffered from mental health disorders as well as epilepsy, and that he had a history of wandering.
Based on the circumstances and proximity to the water, the Lake County Sheriff’s Office Marine Patrol Division was requested by Clearlake Police and arrived shortly after to assist with a water search. Peterson said a search of the water and surrounding areas yielded no clues as to the teen's whereabouts.
The search resumed on Friday morning, with the Northshore Dive Team responding to assist, Peterson said.
Peterson said divers continued the search in the area where the juvenile was last seen, eventually finding him.
The investigation into the teen's death is ongoing.
Anyone with information is asked to contact Det. Peterson of the Clearlake Police Department’s Investigations Division at 707-994-8251.
LAKEPORT, Calif. – One of the two Clearlake Oaks men accused of shooting into a group of people at a Clearlake home in June 2011, killing a child and wounding five others, was in court on Thursday for closing arguments in his trial.
Orlando Joseph Lopez, 24, is on trial – along with 22-year-old Paul William Braden – for the June 18, 2011, murder of 4-year-old Skyler Rapp.
The shooting also wounded the child's mother, Desiree Kirby, as well as her boyfriend Ross Sparks and three other adults at the Lakeshore Drive home where Kirby and Sparks lived with their children.
Lopez and Braden have separate juries, and on Friday Braden and his attorney, Doug Rhoades, will present their arguments against District Attorney Don Anderson's case.
Both Lopez and Braden are facing 15 counts – including murder, attempted murder, mayhem and assault with a deadly weapon – and numerous special allegations for the shooting.
Lopez, wearing a dark suit, sat beside his attorney, Stephen Carter, taking copious notes throughout the day.
Visiting Yolo County Judge Doris Shockley – with the agreement from the jury to stay late to wrap up Lopez's arguments on Thursday – finished the day by reading jury instructions before handing the case over to the four-woman, eight-man jury, who will start deliberating Friday morning.
Four alternates – two men and two women – sat through the trial but will not deliberate unless they're needed to take the place of the main jurors.
Anderson spent much of the morning going over the counts against Lopez, as well as two legal theories under which he argued Lopez could be found guilty – being a direct shooter or aiding and abetting.
He dismissed what he said were “red herrings” introduced by the defense, including a DNA expert who said Lopez's DNA was not found on a shotgun located underneath the bed of former codefendant Kevin Stone, or on the .22 rifle Stone said he carried that night.
Anderson said there was no relevance to issued the defense raised regarding whether or not the Avenue Boyz, whose members were said to have been involved in a fight a week and a half before the shooting, were a criminal street gang.
“This case does not involve gangs,” said Anderson, who recalled testimony by Clearlake Police Det. Ryan Peterson, who stated the Avenue Boyz was not a validated criminal street gang.
Anderson also pointed out that the group's members testified to leaving a party at the home of Janet Leonor – where Braden and Lopez had been in the hours before the shooting – because they were concerned about Braden talking about shooting people.
A California Department of Justice ballistics expert testified during the trial that shotgun shells found at the crime scene and in a vehicle in which Stone allegedly had driven Braden and Lopez to Sparks' and Kirby's home had ejector marks resulting from racking a shotgun, Anderson said.
Witnesses claimed Braden had repeatedly racked a shotgun he had brought to the party at Leonor's home. He also had allegedly stated numerous times that he wanted to shoot someone.
A fingerprint expert said Braden's fingerprint was found on a hacksaw seized from Leonor's garage. There, using her hacksaw and workbench, Braden allegedly sawed off the butt of his shotgun and turned it into a pistol grip.
During Anderson's Thursday morning closing, Carter lodged several objections regarding misstatements of facts – including incorrectly attributing statements allegedly made by Lopez to Braden. Shockley reminded jurors that the attorneys' closing arguments were not evidence.
Anderson discussed texts that Lopez allegedly sent Ross Sparks, seeking to meet for a fight, as well as texts Lopez allegedly sent Stone telling him he had a robbery opportunity and a firearm.
The district attorney also addressed his plea agreement with Stone, who testified in the case in May. He is facing lesser charges and up to 10 years in prison.
“He pleaded to the crime that he committed, the crime that the District Attorney's Office can prove he committed,” said Anderson. “The evidence showed that he didn't do anything else.”
Raising objections
When Anderson later discussed statements allegedly made by Lopez he misspoke and said they were made by Braden, which caused Carter to object and request a hearing outside the jury's presence. Shockley sent the jury out briefly before asking the court reporter to read Anderson's statements back.
“It is misconduct to argue things that are not in evidence and that are not matters in common knowledge,” Carter said.
He said he was asking for an appropriate sanction, including mistrial, due to Anderson's misstatements.
“This is closing arguments in a homicide case by the prosecutor and the prosecutor must be held to the standards of prosecutorial ethics,” said Carter.
He added, “It's not a time to misspeak like that.”
Anderson admitted that he misspoke, and had meant to say Lopez, not Braden.
“I believe you when you tell me it was inadvertent. It happened once before,” said Shockley.
She said Carter's immediate objection had ensured that nothing about the alleged statements was disclosed and she would instruct the jury to disregard it. Shockley said it wasn't justification for mistrial.
However, she added, “This is very distressing and I would ask the prosecutor to be very careful in your arguments about who you're referring to.”
With the jurors back in their seats, Shockley informed them that Anderson had misspoke and reminded jurors that the attorneys' statements are not evidence.
Anderson, referring to statements attributed to Lopez, said Lopez told police that Braden was “sadistic,” that he thought Braden was playing and “I was afraid of him.”
He told the jury, “From all the evidence we believe this murder was intentional, deliberate and premeditated.”
He used a projector to display what he said was the content of the text messages that had been discussed in the trial.
Carter again objected, saying that one of the messages Anderson said was a text message actually was a phone discussion that didn't involve Lopez.
Shockley had Anderson take down the sheet on the projector, which she did again when Anderson posted another sheet that included a misstatement claiming that Stone had seen Lopez fire a shotgun.
As Anderson wrapped up for the morning, he told the jury, “The evidence will show that there were two shooters, not one.” He asked them to return a verdict of guilty on all counts.
Defense takes aim at evidence
When the jury reconvened after lunch it was Carter's turn to appeal to the jury, thanking members for their service.
With two separate juries, Carter reminded Lopez's jury that it wasn't their duty or burden to decide Braden's fate. Rather, they needed to consider if the government had proven if Lopez did anything.
Referring to Anderson's dual theory of either finding Lopez was a direct shooter or that he aided and abetted, Carter said, “I think the evidence shows that there is not enough to do either of those things.”
He discussed the Avenue Boyz, who he said sounded like a criminal street gang according to the evidence, and touched on a fight at an adult school graduation in early June 2011 that began the escalation of tensions which ultimately led to the fatal shooting.
Carter said no witness had put a gun in Lopez's hands until Stone reached a plea agreement with the District Attorney's Office. “And he's the only one who does it.”
He discussed the different accounts of how many gunshots were heard and how many muzzle flashes were seen, as well as the issues with some of the witness testimony.
He acknowledged that it was an emotional case, and can be upsetting, but that can't affect the jurors' verdict.
“It's not a question of whether it's sad. Of course it's sad. It's a question of what's been proven,” said Carter.
Carter questioned Stone's veracity, explaining that a jailhouse informant had stated that Stone told him he had fired his .22 rifle up in the air that night – consistent with what would be done in a robbery, Carter suggested – which conflicts with Stone's statement on the stand that he didn't fire at the scene. Stone also had allegedly admitted to the informant that he had picked up his spent cartridges before running away.
As for Lopez's intent, “There's ample evidence that it was not to shoot anybody,” Carter said.
But he suggested that it appeared well proven to him that Braden – not Lopez – killed Skyler Rapp. Carter said there was no evidence of Lopez discharging a firearm – not even from Stone, who he called the prosecution's “star witness.”
“You can't kill without shooting, and there's no evidence that he fired,” said Carter, adding that Lopez also didn't share the intent.
In a case where a lot of people got hurt and a child died, Carter said it's understandable to want to punish the the guilty person.
He said that convicting an innocent person would be on par with the tragedy of the child being gunned down.
“That is something that is up to you,” he told the jury, ending his comments just short of two hours.
Challenging the defense
Anderson, who got the final word in the day's arguments, worked to establish that Lopez was armed.
He said Avenue Boyz member Anthony Gaston testified to putting a shotgun on the porch of Leonor's home a few days before the shooting. On the night of the shooting, that shotgun was gone.
Anderson argued that Lopez went to the shooting scene “to do something” that included more than just a fist fight.
He said Stone's testimony has always been consistent and that the plea deal didn't affect his statements before the court.
“He doesn't please me, he has to testify to the truth,” said Anderson.
Anderson said Lopez told a police investigator that there were two shotguns at the incident, and Anderson maintained that the evidence proved there were two shooters.
If Lopez was going to a fist fight, Anderson questioned why he was giving shotgun shells to Braden, who had claimed that he wanted to kill someone. He said Lopez stuck with Braden that whole evening, going to get guns together and leaving with Stone to go to Sparks' home.
On one key point Anderson said he agreed with Carter.
“This was a tragic incident,” which resulted in a 4-year-old child's death and harm to others, he said.
From the first moment he took the case Anderson said he wondered, “What is the motive? Why did this occur?”
He said someone who was described as sadistic – Braden – was angry, and the shooting resulted.
Anderson asked the jury to convict Lopez.
Court resumes at 9 a.m. Friday, when Braden's jury will hear the closing arguments in his case.
Email Elizabeth Larson at